Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1.8 million participants

Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases C, Lu Y, Hajifathalian K, Ezzati M, Woodward M, Rimm EB, Danaei G (2014) Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1.8 million participants. Lancet 383:970-983

BACKGROUND: Body-mass index (BMI) and diabetes have increased worldwide, whereas global average blood pressure and cholesterol have decreased or remained unchanged in the past three decades. We quantified how much of the effects of BMI on coronary heart disease and stroke are mediated through blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose, and how much is independent of these factors. METHODS: We pooled data from 97 prospective cohort studies that collectively enrolled 1.8 million participants between 1948 and 2005, and that included 57,161 coronary heart disease and 31,093 stroke events. For each cohort we excluded participants who were younger than 18 years, had a BMI of lower than 20 kg/m(2), or who had a history of coronary heart disease or stroke. We estimated the hazard ratio (HR) of BMI on coronary heart disease and stroke with and without adjustment for all possible combinations of blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose. We pooled HRs with a random-effects model and calculated the attenuation of excess risk after adjustment for mediators. FINDINGS: The HR for each 5 kg/m(2) higher BMI was 1.27 (95% CI 1.23-1.31) for coronary heart disease and 1.18 (1.14-1.22) for stroke after adjustment for confounders. Additional adjustment for the three metabolic risk factors reduced the HRs to 1.15 (1.12-1.18) for coronary heart disease and 1.04 (1.01-1.08) for stroke, suggesting that 46% (95% CI 42-50) of the excess risk of BMI for coronary heart disease and 76% (65-91) for stroke is mediated by these factors. Blood pressure was the most important mediator, accounting for 31% (28-35) of the excess risk for coronary heart disease and 65% (56-75) for stroke. The percentage excess risks mediated by these three mediators did not differ significantly between Asian and western cohorts (North America, western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand). Both overweight (BMI >/=25 to <30 kg/m(2))="" and="" obesity="" (bmi="">/=30 kg/m(2)) were associated with a significantly increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke, compared with normal weight (BMI >/=20 to <25 kg/m(2)),="" with="" 50%="" (44-58)="" of="" the="" excess="" risk="" of="" overweight="" and="" 44%="" (41-48)="" of="" the="" excess="" risk="" of="" obesity="" for="" coronary="" heart="" disease="" mediated="" by="" the="" selected="" three="" mediators.="" the="" percentages="" for="" stroke="" were="" 98%="" (69-155)="" for="" overweight="" and="" 69%="" (64-77)="" for="" obesity.="" interpretation:="" interventions="" that="" reduce="" high="" blood="" pressure,="" cholesterol,="" and="" glucose="" might="" address="" about="" half="" of="" excess="" risk="" of="" coronary="" heart="" disease="" and="" three-quarters="" of="" excess="" risk="" of="" stroke="" associated="" with="" high="" bmi.="" maintenance="" of="" optimum="" bodyweight="" is="" needed="" for="" the="" full="" benefits.="" funding:="" us="" national="" institute="" of="" health,="" uk="" medical="" research="" council,="" national="" institute="" for="" health="" research="" comprehensive="" biomedical="" research="" centre="" at="" imperial="" college="" healthcare="" nhs="" trust,="" lown="" scholars="" in="" residence="" program="" on="" cardiovascular="" disease="" prevention,="" and="" harvard="" global="" health="" institute="" doctoral="" research="">